PEPTIDA BIOAKTIF PAKAN DARI HIDROLISIS DAN FERMENTASI PRODUK SAMPING AGROINDUSTRI
Keywords:
bioactive peptides, enzymatic hydrolysis, microbial fermentation, agro-industrial by-products, feed additives, circular economyAbstract
Restrictions on antibiotic growth promoters and increasing antimicrobial resistance have encouraged the development of functional feed additives to support animal health and performance. Bioactive peptides (BAPs) are protein fragments that exhibit biological activity after release through proteolysis. Protein-rich agro-industrial by-products are potential raw materials; however, higher protein content or solubility does not prove the formation of identified bioactive peptides. This review compares enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial fermentation for producing hydrolysates, peptide fractions, or BAPs from agro-industrial by-products and assesses the evidence and readiness for use as feed additives. The study was conducted as a narrative review using a structured literature search and narrative-comparative synthesis. The literature was analysed by raw material, production pathway, fractionation and identification methods, bioactivity, experimental model, animal application, safety, and scale-up requirements. Enzymatic hydrolysis enables relatively direct control of reaction conditions, whereas microbial fermentation broadly transforms the material matrix through proteolysis and reduced antinutritional factors. However, fermented products are more complex, and their effects cannot always be attributed to specific peptides. Available evidence includes protein-rich materials, hydrolysates, peptide fractions, identified peptides, in vitro activity, and animal studies, but validation remains uneven. Application evidence is more developed in broilers and aquaculture, while safety, dosage, stability, batch consistency, economic feasibility, and regulatory requirements need strengthening. BAPs should therefore be positioned as one component of a multifactorial strategy to reduce reliance on antibiotic growth promoters. Valorisation of agro-industrial by-products offers circular-economy opportunities, but implementation requires raw-material standardisation, peptide verification, animal validation, and production assessment at relevant scales.
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